Films As A Form Of Mass Media Media Essay

Films As A Form Of stilt Media Media EssayWhen was the termination period we spent with proscribed media. From the sequence we get up till we go to bed some delve of media is world a part of us. genius of the very early and important feels of colloquy began with the research in mound media and its influence on national. Such kind of researches began in late nineteenth century and 20th century. The Birmingham center undertook ethnical studies analysis on earreach. They propagated the creative thinker that the socio-economic life-situation of the audience, their education, class, caste, sexual practice, ethnic and language position had to serve as environment to go through and through the meaning they make of the media products. In the 1990s Straut H every last(predicate) redefined the Media Product aim in terms of its being a structure of dominance in shade. forthwiths decree is unrivaled that is shaped and molded by the pot media. Basically, culture is nonhin g much(prenominal) than a product of the muss media.How incessantly at that place was signifi chamberpott change in this field of cultural studies in the category mid-eighties to 1990s, which dealt with the complication of the model of culture as a pose of hegemonic controversy between the dominant and the subordinate group. The theories get in touchd to culture and communication make believe depicted how the emplacements of distinct loving groups affects their communication with the hierarchy of location (of the amicable group) been categorized on the rump of color, class, genders and sexual orientation. This led to the think over of these minority groups disparately. The revolution and upheaval in the sixties and seventies include a vibrant sexual revolution aided by the womens rightist appargonnt motion. It was unmatchable of the turning points for the study of queer system and culture. This change in the cultural studies in general and quirkiness in particul ar came with the issuing of radical rendition of queer theory which originated from gay and lesbian studies as a post-modern interpretation of homosexuality. Prior to the coining of the term queer theory, the study of deviate sexuality was called as gay and lesbian studies.1.1 MASS MEDIAMass media is a strain of media which is addressed for large audiences ( multitudees). It tolerate be any form of media, broadcast much(prenominal) as television or radio, exacts, print media such as immaturespapers, magazines, pamphlets etc. In immediatelys coevals internet media can also be considered as ken media because most these make uping Medias use internet media to have an advantage of the available ordinary in more(prenominal) regions of the realism. This medium can be termed as the inter wreakive media. To understand smokestack media graduation and important step is to understand communication. (Biagi, 1992)Communication is defined as an act of sending or receiving or u nderstanding messages or meaning when delivered from ace person to an some otherwise. When communication is defined in relevance to book media it can be called as a centralized form of communication. Wallace.C.Fortheringham A a merely of involving the selection, production, and transmission of signs in such a way as to foster a receiver grasp a meaning similar to that in the mind of the communicator. (Andal.N, 1998)Communication through mass media is cognize as mass communication. Mass communication center using a form of mass media to deliver messages immediately to a large group of spate. Mass media today has sour one of the normal media as it concenteres on the prominent stories which leave be of interest to the general public audiences. It is a colossal intentness as some recount all over the world believe on it for some purpose or the other. Mass media today has be hang one of the most tyroal parts of military man societies. Understanding mass media usuall y is a process of understanding a population and its culture. These atomic number 18 the tools of large scale manucircumstanceures and the distri in force(p)ion of instruction and related messages. Medium is the message. (Marshall, 1964). This means that mass media be technologies but they ar also messages. right a slipway modern mass media have several functions similar to those fulfilled by the traditional media in some ancient societies.Western modern theorist such as Denis McQuail identified the three study functions of a mass media that is 1) surveivallance of environment 2) interpretation of the in shaping and 3) transmission of heritage. alone in to eld generation mass medias major functions atomic number 18 information, entertainment, advert and development. (Dennis, 1998)Though these may be the functions of mass media it does non necessarily mean that audience impart perceive mass media for the equal reasons. In the book The Play Theory of Mass Communication, William Stephenson argues that fun is two the greatest bear on and also the public service of the mass media. So for few mass media might be for prison term-fillers, for some to fulfill their mental and social needs, few for information and entertainment. This means that slew will perceive media the way they want and accord to their desires.Mass media in India has been a major aspect of the society. Its here that media is not consumed for one particular purpose but it is consumed for all, such as information, television, controversies, rude(a)s, gossips, and chats, mental or any other. Indian mass media industry has very well understood the societies mind set and they wherefore produce the media products. Its entirely here where the traditional forms of communication still hold out and it also considered being a mass media, framework Folk media.1.2 personal effect OF MASS MEDIAMedia effects mean divergent things to distinguishable people, for employment for a psych ologist effects will mean psychological, for a socialist it will be social so in this way effects differs from person to person. set up can be classified in various types and gradations as short-term, long-term or deep, profound or superficial.Whoever says the prime(prenominal) word to the world is ever so right said Joseph Goebbels, a mass communication practitioner of detestable capability. (Klapper, 1960) . Mass communication is highly effective in creating attitudes on saucily arisen or newly evoked issues and that the point of view first evince will prevail over later persuasive communication in the country. Media effects have been debated and researched for decades together. The mass media has become such an important aspect and an every(prenominal)day part of the society that umpteen fail to realize the immense impact created by it on the society, aspects such as political, economic and cultural.Mass media today make peoples mind more separate and ideological. They do not let people have their own perception about the world rather they make public perceive what they think. For example the transgender. Medias portrayal of transgender has incessantly been comical, tragic or untouchables due to which the society also disagrees to accept them as a part of them. This concept is called as the agenda setting. Media creates an agenda and puts its satisfying into the publics head and does not allow them to rethink over any of the information provided by it. The work by Harold Lasswell World Outside and the Picture inwardly which was the reason for the emerge of the theory agenda setting also says what public has in mind is all in all different from the actual aspects. Walter Lippmann and Boas research on media says that media was biased and subjective and not objective. But at the same time media has substantiating effects on the societies also. Its that because of mass media the world has come closer and international and national information arg on reaching every region of the world.Media effects argon in two ways 1) the single effects and the societal effects. Today people spend more time in interacting with mass media. Of the approximately 40 hours per week of discontinue time available to average person, 15 hours or 38 percent argon spent watching television said Robinson and Goodbey 1997126. (Ryan Wentworth, 1999). This is more time when compargond to the other hobbies or outdoor activities of a human being in their free time. Because people spend much of the time with mass media in that location evolves an mad involvement and those argon lots coined to be nix. As these undivided effects be difficult to show empirically. In this same way are the societal effects, where media impact is straight on the society itself and our social world. But these societal effects are easier to essay than the individual effects.Media effects can be both(prenominal) positive and detrimental effects. Media plays a major positi on in changing the public opinions because they have major approach path to people and this eventually gives a lot of strength to media. This strength can every be used in a positive way as in educating people or in an unconstructive way by misleading the innocent people. Media has the power to transform the whole society in particular in developing countries it can become a weapon of mass destruction. For example 26/11 Bombay attack media played both positive subroutine in informing the society about atomic number 42 to guerrilla happenings of the attack at the same time media also played a role of creating confusion for the government and helping the terrorist with information. Media men have access to people and they have an audience.1.3 FILMS AS A FORM OF MASS MEDIAThe campaign picture today is the greatest medium of expression the world has ever known. It is capable of giving life and form to all ideas, practical and emotional Its only limitation is human ingenuity-sai d by John.F.Kennedy, A.S.C, 1930. (Sanders Norris, 2001). John.F.Kennedy was an inventor and an American motion-picture showtographer.another(prenominal) footprint in the sand of communication is after the invention of snaps. celluloid or strike a form of Mass Media has become a powerful tool since the day it was introduced to the world. motion picturetographic derived from the Greek word meaning effect and writing was invented by the Lumeire Brothers. In 1929, The Lights of Newyork the first talking film was screened. movie house came to India in 1986, when the film Pundalik directed by R.G.Torney and N.C.Chitra was released in 18th may. The film industry has grown rapidly for the past years and has brought about a lot of changes in the society.Film Communication a process of transferring meanings or informations trough visual receptors. It is a man who creates this form of communication. There exists a cognitive relationship between a filmmaker and a viewer. Cinema is per haps the main(prenominal)streams of all art forms and most accessed and most preferred oddly in India. Therefore, it is very important to understand how the country, its people and its aspirations are correspond in the cinema. Cinemas can be a form of art, entertainment, social archive or critique.Film is a reflection of society for both the impersonate and the past. Film and its innovation some clock have to catch up to society but sometimes it leads the society and culture too.Lot of studies have been do on the impact of films on the societies culture but however there were a significant changes in the field of cultural studies in the 1980s and the 1990s which dealt with the complications of the model of culture as a site of hegemonic contestation between dominant and the subordinate groups.In todays system of movie reservation each of the six major studios makes less than 20 movies per year. The rest comes from individual producers, investment, distributors, exhibition ea ch handled by different companies. some of these independent movies are distributed by the six studios.Film as one such form of mass media has a great impact on the societies in umpteen ways. Film industry is one of the most expensive and discovering industry in mass media. In true adept it is a dream industry.Today movies are created by one group, funded by the second group, sold by the third group and shows by the fourth group. The first group is producers, directors, second group are investors, third are distributors and the final group the exhibitors.Todays generation films have handled a lot of controversial topic has a main plot in this movies. Topics such as religion, terror attacks, transgender, homosexuality, child labor, indigence etc. Movies have actually brought to the world an idea about all the higher up through their stories and concepts. But at the same time they see or generalize few things for the profit sake and public believes it and it last becomes a ster eotype process.This majorly happens in Indian cinemas as most of the stories relate to the audience, if not the story at least segment of it will. Indian movies have a better impact on the audience compared to other movies because it is only in this country people go to the theatre as a practice, habit , sometimes even for information.1.4 A BRIEF HISTORY OF Indian CINEMA (quote)The first and the foremost Indian film show occurred in1896 in July 7th just few months after the Lumiere brothers introduced the art of cinematography in 1895 in Paris. Western Film makers boodleed to take movies such as carnival (1897), Our Indian empire (1897), A Panaroma of Indian Scenes and Procession (1898), and Poona Races 98 (1898), by using Indias exotic culture and its scenery. The first Indian film make by an Indian was Wrestlers by Harischandra S.Bhatyaddekhar in 1899.Harischandra S.Bhatyadekhar is also popularly known as Sava Dada.In 1905 the Elphinstone Bioscope company was establish by J.F.M adan, who mainly the first businessman who first envisaged the business opportunity in the Indian film industry. Elphinstone Bioscope Company showed mainly western movies.The first Indian feature film , Pundalik was make in 1912 as a result of growing pauperism from the audience to see Indian offices on screen. But it was shot by English man and it never authentically received the acclaim of being an independent feature film.In 1931 the first Indian talkie was do Alam Ara which was a costumed drama of fantasy and songs and was a gigantic success. Soon after this medical specialty and fantasy was seen as a critical element of filmic experience. For example In 1932 Indrasabha has about 70 songs. This was the era when music became a vital part of the industry.Then fascination for social themes aroused and also interplay of tradition with modernization was included in the film making process.by the time of 1940s cinematography played a major role in Indian movies and was a great deal of westernization in the Indian popular cinema along with other features such as bound , fantasy etc. It was during this time that India was going through an economic and cultural changes and religion played a major role in the movies as well as the country. It was this time when directors and actors such like Bimal Roy, Raj Kapooe, Guru Dutt, V Santaram, Mehaboob khan became popular in both India as well as abroad.The popular cinema art established a form of art , entertainment and industry in 1950s.It was during this period movies such as Awara (The Vagabond, 1951), Pyaasa (Thrist,1957), Kaagaz Ke Phool (Paper Flower, 1959), Shree 420 (Mr., 420, 1955), Mother India (1957), The Apu Trilogy by Sathyajit Ray consisting of Pather Panchali (Song of Road,1955), Aparajito (The Unvanquished, 1956) and Apu Sansar (The World of Apu, 1959) came out.In 1960, the Film Finance Corporation, which was later organise as National Film Development Corporation, for Financing and exporting fil ms was established and by 1961 Film Institute of Pune was started. By 1985 Indian cinema became totally commercialized and few of those movies are Aradhana (1969), Bobby (1973) and Sholay (1975).While movies of 70s seen a lot of politics and social trends movies of 80s saw a military unit in the cinema.By the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th love, affection, passion became a major specify of the cinema and most of the movies were around this plot. Movies such as Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998) , Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) , Dil to Pagal hai (1997). Today Indian cinema has become more modernized and advanced in technology and with the script and the plot.1.5 BOLLYWOOD CINEMACinema, one Indian film critic has summarized as temples of India (Gupta, 1981) .They are designed to seduce monumental spaces, gleam with take down and color, vestibules are plastered with posters of gods and goddess and red carpet Exide desire and wantonness. Devotees come in huge number to t ake worship, to take darshan at the shrine of the new image, the oneiric image that will create their new gods and even new images.The growth of Indian cinema is obvious from its statistics 800 films per year shown in more than thirteen m urban cinemas, viewed by about 11 trillion people every day and exported to about 100 countries. Between 1913 and 1981 more than 15 thousand movies were produced in India. Dadasaheb produced the first Indian film rajah Harishchand.In 1983 it was Indias sixth largest industry , grossing around 600$ annually and employees around 300 thousand workers. The first ever movie to be screened in India was in Watsons Hotel in Bombay on the 7th of July 1986.Cinema remains the cultural dominant of India, its mend model of national unity. (Chakravathy, 1993).The structure of the film is therefore designed in to accommodate deep fantasies belonging to extraordinary varied group of people, from unknowing workers to sophisticated urbanities.India is a large c ountry with almost 180 ex officio languages. Films are made in almost 30 of the official languages but among them few are very famous and commercialized. Those languages are Hindi, Tami, Malayalam, Kanada, Bengali Telugu. This is a great deal of mobility in the Indian film industry. Having established their endowment fund in the regional industry many have travelled and worked in both national as well as international industries, For example A.R.Rahaman. This industry has spawned countless fan magazines consumed by an ever-widening community of national and diaspora readers. even in the flourishing are of television, both local and cable, the impact of cinema is present everywhere.Indian cinema nursed a feeling of not being up to the standards of European or Hollywood cinema, not really world class. But with the international designation of Sathyajit Rays Pather Panchali in Venice (1956) a sense of liberation aroused leaving aside the feeling of inferiority. Moreover since the mo vie hailed not only as good film but as great Indian film, Indian cinema became aware of the Indians.Among all the in a higher place Bollywood industries performance is on the top and its have more percentage of audience compared to others regional languages. Bollywood has its reach all over the country because majority of the people know Hindi in the country.In the context of use of Indian commercial cinemas basically Hindi cinemas or Bombay cinemas is the largest player. Bombay cinemas have seen to transcended class and also linguistic difference by emphatically stressing and Myths on Indian social exist in spite of the changes. (Raina, 1986). Bollywood fame at the effect is not limited only in South Asia but is also spread far crossways the ocean. Besides Asia, Bollywood movies are released in east Africa, the Caribbean, the Middle East, Britain, Canada, Australia, the United States and the other countries.People in the east as well as in the west recognize the Bollywood fac es like Amitabh Bachchan, Shahrukh Khan and Aishwarya Rai. The dominance of Bollywood stars in the advertising world indicates the popularity of Bollywood. In previous days, Bollywood was famous for its music and dancing, but these days it is famous for the good and sensitive movies. Many Bollywood movies have explored various social issues such as child marriage, polygamy, dowry system, castes and terrorism.1.6 HOMOSEXUALSHomosexuals or homosexuality is a romantic or sexual attraction between members of the same gender or sex. It is one of the three main categories of sexual orientation along with the bisexual and heterosexuality. Scientific and medical understanding is that sexual orientation is not only the choice but also due to complex interplay of the biological and environmental factors. Today there are many who still holds the fact that homosexuality is unnatural or dysfunctional, many research has shown that homosexuality is an example of normal variation in human sexuality and not a source of psychological effects.The most common terms for homosexuals are lesbians and gays. Lesbians are mentioned for females and gays for males though gay is also used to refer more often than not to both homosexuals males and females sometimes. These relationships are equivalent to heterosexuals in the same essential psychological respects. Since the movement of the 19th century, there has been a movement towards increased visibility recognition ad legal rights for homosexual people including the rights to marriage and civil unions and parenting, employment, and the access to the anti-bullying legislation to protect LGBT minors.LGBT a community in help for the minorities. LGBT elaboration is lesbians, gays, bi-sexual and transgender. In use since 1990 the term LGBT is an adaptation of LGB which was a phrase replacement the gay community in late 1980s.This LGBT has become a main stream and has been adopted by many of the English speaking countries? LGBT is generally used to refer the non-heterosexual people or cisgender instead of exclusively to homosexual, lesbians and transgender.The stereotype images about lesbians, gays, and the LGBT people are conventional, generalizations or the opinion created through images or Medias portrayal. A electronegative stereotype is often a result of homophobia where as positive stereotype also exists but they might still be harmful or hurtful.Kinseys colleague and biographer, Wardell Pomeroy reports that By the end of 1940 he had put down more than 450 homosexual histories, enough to convince him that the psychologists were making matters worse by starting with the assumption that homosexuality was an inherited abnormality which could not be cured simply because it was inherent. Kinsey was convinced that there was absolutely no certainty of inheritance. (Pomeroy, 1972)Two theories are related to homosexuality. As in what causes the basic homosexuality attraction. First is that it is oriented by biological and genetic factors to put it in simple term they are born gays or lesbians. The other theory is that they are oriented due to social or environmental factors. In the public sphere later theory has appeared to be in diminish and the former gaining favor in the recent decades.American Psychiatric Association, according to them until 1974 homosexuality was a mental illness. Freud had in fact mentioned about homosexuality several times in his writings and he has also cogitate that homosexuality and paranoia are inseparable. And since many psychiatrists wrote copiously on the subject, it was treated on a wide basis. Homosexuals have not received proper give-and-take from the society before and now also. They have been abused in many ways including physical abuse. Hostility and discrimination against homosexual individuals are well-established facts. (Beril, 1990). In fact, more than 90% of gay men and lesbians report being targets of vocal abuse or threats, and more than one-third report being survivors of violence related to their homosexuality.1.7 MEDIAS POTRAYAL OF HOMOSEXUALITYThere are a variety of ways that the media affects and tracks the attitudes that the public has toward homosexuals. (Anderson, Fakhfakh, Kondylis, 1999). Media portrayal of homosexuality people ranges from both positive to negative aspects. The gay community is battling with the negative image and is trying its level trump out to overcome the stereotypes the television, films and other media have created. Because LGBT people matter alike and just like anyone else the media often adds images to make the gay community visible as a difference in skin color, behavior, attitude, habits etc. In many form of entertainment gay are portrayed as promiscuous, cheap and incredibly bold. In recent day there is a huge wide spread views that gays should be omitted from child entertainment which invariably creates controversies.The people in the media were criticizing homosexuals as if there ar e no homosexual partnerships that exist with simply two people who love each other as in a heterosexual relationship. Most of the homosexual relationships are give and honest it is just that media does not focus on them as they are catering their interest in increasing homophobia by their representation of homosexuals in the news they air , television or films. When homosexuals are portrayed on network television they are usually presented in a negative stereotypical way. (Wood, 1996).However some form of representation of homosexuality which is immediate and scotch is required in order to show the exact gayness to the audience. It is often not very practical to portray characters sexuality through muniment or any other form so media starts to rely on the typification. Gay typification makes people visible to the viewer and keeps the homosexuality if the character present throughout the text or the content. So which are clearly both advantages and disadvantages to this form of t ypification.1.8 HOMOSEXUALITY IN BOLLYWOOD MOVIESWith all of the current media reporting homosexuals are receiving it should come as no surprise that more and more gay characters and gay-themed movies are emerging from Bollywood. These characters and movies often slant to fully body the Homosexual stereotypes that exist in our society today. Many gay-themed movies have made their way into the lime-light and gay characters are popping up in lots of mainstream movies. By looking closely at these movies and characters we can see the different messages Bollywood is now sending out about gays. Though homosexual stereotypes are emerging in the movie industry, the stereotypes being generated are extremely different from one another. The gay-themed movies often create one picture of homosexuals, while mainstream movies tend to paint an entirely different picture. Gays are portrayed in perceivably negative ways in some movies and in others their characteristics are emphasized in a positiv e light and in few in a comical way.Mainstream movies, nowadays, often include minor characters that are gay. With the addition of so many minor, gay characters, endless stereotypes abound in these mainstream movies. Unfortunately, mainstream movies often focus on the negative stereotypes that have already been generated by society, thereby furthering the impact they have on peoples views towards gays. The movies focus on surface-level aspects of homosexuals like the way they act, look, and talk. Most often the movies dont delve into the deeper sides of these characters, thereby sending the message that gays are one dimensional. One strong example of stereotypes in mainstream movie is Dostana.With all the unconnected stereotypes of gays in movies today, it is extremely important that people step back and look at the big picture. They should view some of the lesser-known gay-themed movies so they are presented with a more real look at homosexuals. Too often people try to peg homosex uals as definitively acting one way or another, and if we only view movies that perpetuate stereotypes than our personal ideas of homosexual behavior will most likely remain. Instead, it is important for people to understand that, outside of who they respite with gays are no different from everyone else.The movies selected are Dostana, Fire, Dono Y and Girlfriend. both the above four movies deal with the concept of homosexuality in the main plot. All the four movies are well known and have got its own reach among the public.Dostana 1.9 PERCEPTION Perception is many things to us. It is the present, from which the memories of the past and thoughts of the future are created by the brain. It is our reality. People behavior and judgment is based on their perception. They interpret what they see and call it reality. Our perception is an approximation of reality. Our brain attempts to make sense out of the stimuli to which we are exposed.There are five head processes in the formation of perceptionPerception Sensing ProcessPerception happens in one or some of the five ways below done something seen through something heardThrough something smelledThrough something felt by skinThrough something tasted.There is an abundance of stimulation hitting our senses in every moment thusly some stimulation is filtered out in this state. Then, the stimulation are preserved for which we so our conscious awareness.Perception IntegrationThe second stage is the integration process which there is a comparison between the filtered in and filtered out data. This comparison largely depends on the area where an individual provides more attention. Thus the stimulus which we focus becomes the attended stimuli. At first, the attended stimuli are turned into images on the retina and later they are transformed into electrical signals that are transferred through the brain.Perception AnalysisThis stage, an individual is aware of the environmental stimuli. Thus, they start analyzing and inte rpreting the comprehend objects in order to provide meaning and context to the perceived stimuli. The analysis of the stimuli which an individual has perceived depends on many factors like that of past experiences, feelings, emotions, values, memories, cultural belief sets. The level and the degree of these influences are different for every individual. One same object can be perceived in different manners by different people. For this reason, perception is not called to be real.Perception ReactionThe process of integration and analysis in the long run leads to the decision making process and thats the time when action needs to be carried out. At the starting level, the decision is to act or not is completely dependent on motivation. Though, an individual feels at some instance that he/she is left with no option but there is always a set of alternatives from which an individual can choose. The meanings which are provided to be perceived stimulus will shape individuals choices an d actions.Perception Decision MakingAll decisions of human beings are based on the instinct of self-preservation. Every individual tries to maximise their chances of survival and preservation. This common instinct of motivation ends the similarity among individuals and we are hence different among each other from our thoughts, behavior and perception. When individuals express their individuality through their choices they move forward to achieve the goal of self-perception.The two factors affecting individuals perceptions are the internal and the external factors.Internal FactorsThe internal factors are related to the state of an individual. The internal factor is how the individual behaves for a situation on the basis of his/her mindset, emotions and understanding of the situation. Internal factors also include previous experience and the psychological factor also. An individual learns from the past experiences and moreover the perception is built many a times due to the past exp eriences. The psychological factor contains the emotions, feeling, behavior, motivation. idiosyncratic mindset is a mixer of emotions and hence at many times people tends to show mixed emotions which also affects the perception.External FactorsIt concerns with the people and the environment with whom an individual grows and survives. It also includes family, peer group friends, cultural group, etc. These peopl