Assessment Base Reading Instruciton Case Study Essay Example for Free

Assessment Base Reading Instruciton Case Study Essay control panel of ContentsIntroduction description of the StudentBackground InformationPART 1 validation of AssessmentsDIBELS A Universal Assessment Battery exposition and shoot for of the AssessmentSetting for the AssessmentDescription of the Assessment Administration ProcessResults of the AssessmentAnalysis of the Assessment ResultsRunning RecordsDescription and Purpose of the AssessmentThe runway lay allows you to record the electric razors tuition behavior as he or she evinces from the book. The purpose of a running record is a dig used to determine word recognition necessitateing fluency reading strategies, self- corrections, and comprehension. It is an individually conducted formative assessment which is ongoing and curriculum based. It provides a graphic representation of a students oral reading, identifying patterns of effective and ineffective strategy use. This method was developed by Marie Clay, the originat or of Reading Rec everyplacey. Running records helps document reading progress over time. Help teachers decide what students need to learn and matches students to appropriate books. We want to capture all the behaviors to help interpret what the child was probably doing. Everything the child says and does tells us something when the reading is correct, what his hands and eyes were doing, the comments he made and when he repeated a line of text. Setting for the AssessmentLibrary setting, after(prenominal) school. This was the only time available.Description of the Assessment Administration ProcessSelect a book that is the childs reading take aim. Explain to the child that he or she will read out loud as you observe and record his or her reading behavior. Sit next to the child so that you can see the text and the childs finger and eye movements as he or she reads the text. Use running record form. As the child reads, mark each word on the running record form by using the symbols on the chart that follows. Place a check mark above each word that is read correctly. If the child reads incorrectly, record above the word what the child reads. If the child is reading too fast for you to record the running record, ask him or her to pause until you absorb up. Intervene as little as possible while the child is reading. If the child is stuck and unable to continue, wait 5 to10 seconds and tell him or her the word. If the child seems confused, evidence the point of confusion and say, Try again.Results of the AssessmentStudent read 156 words at 98% accuracy. She had 3 errors and 2 self corrects. She missed boredom, I told her the word. She changed intent for idea, setting, characters, and beginning. She had trouble with middle and end. She did know the main idea but could not list supporting details. I would move this student to a higher level text. This text was easy for the student.Analysis of the Assessment ResultsStudent read 156 words at 98% accuracy. She had 3 er rors and 2 self corrects. She missed boredom, I told her the word. She changed object for idea, setting, characters, and beginning. She had trouble with middle and end. She did know the main idea but could not list supporting details. This student needs practice in retelling story in sequence. She had issues with middle and end. I think she was going for a fluency score and read too fast. She had problems orally retelling middle and end. This level is an appropriate level for this student. I will use the results to plan for this student. Teaching purposes for running records. To find a book level appropriate for a child. Check a child after a series of lessons. Evaluate whether a lift in text level is appropriate. Observe particular difficulties in particular children in order to convert instructional emphasis. Evaluate in order to place a child in an appropriate instructional group, class or school. Add to a record which is monitoring an individuals progress over time.Reading Inv entoryDescription and Purpose of the AssessmentSetting for the AssessmentDescription of the Assessment Administration ProcessResults of the AssessmentAnalysis of the Assessment ResultsAdditional Diagnostic Assessment Learner ChoiceDescription and Purpose of the AssessmentSetting for the AssessmentDescription of the Assessment Administration ProcessResults of the AssessmentAnalysis of the Assessment ResultsOverall Analysis of Assessment ResultsPART 2 Recommendations for Interventions and centeringIdentifying Student NeedsRecommendations for Interventions and InstructionRecommendations for Further AssessmentReferencesAppendicesAppendix A DIBELS Scoring DocumentsAppendix B Running Records Scoring DocumentsAppendix C Reading Inventory DocumentsAppendix D Additional Assessment Documents

Basketball Case Essay Example for Free

basketball game Case EssayIntroduction Basketball, a game that was natural in nineteenth century with the purpose to provide an athletic distraction to the students at the School for Christian Workers in Springfield, soon became a undefeated sport. to a greater extent than 300 million people play basketball worldwide.The recital of Basketball Invention and find oneselfs Basketball was invented by Dr. James Naismith, physical educator at YMCA genteelness School in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA. He has four degrees in the diverse fields of Philosophy, Religion, Physical Education and Medicine. Naismiths investigations in sports physiology and sports science helped him to create really successful game. The concept of basketball was borrowed from the simple childs game duck-on-a- contention, which involved attempting to knock a duck off the top of a expectant rock by tossing another rock at it. James Naismith needed a game that could be played indoors in a relatively pif fling space. The set-back game was played with a soccer ball and two peach baskets used as goals. 1 James Naismith devised a set of thirteen rules of basketball, by averages of which you can look in enclosure 1 of this paper. In 1959, James Naismith was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame (cal lead the Naismith Memorial Hall of Fame.) Evolution of the game Since invention basketball was greatly changed Equipment. The early baskets were with the bottom and someone had to retrieve the ball. afterwards they were transformed into the metal rim with a net hanging below, and in 1906 people began orifice the netting to let the ball fall through. The prime(prenominal) basketballs were made from panels of leather stitched together with a rubber bladder in gradient. The molded basketball was introduced in 1942. Rules. Beginning in 1910 a doer could dribble the ball, entirely could not shoot after dribbling. In basketballs early days, a players second foul would mean removal from the game until the next field goal was made. If a group committed three consecutive fouls, the opposition would be awarded a field goal. Beginnings in 1894 players were given a free throw when fouled. Beginning in 1908 players who committed five fouls were disqualified from the game. Based on the severity of the foul, the rules were soon amended so that players were awarded either two shots or one shot plus a bonus shot, which was attempted only if the first shot was made. The rules also determined that an ugly player could commit a foul by playing too aggressively. In 1892 basketball was introduced to women by Senda Berenson Abbott. The rules of womens basketball were modified (the court was shared into three equal sections, with players required to stay in an assigned area players were out(p) from snatching or batting the ball from the hands of another player and players were prohibited from holding the ball for longer than three seconds and from dribbling the ball more than three meters.) In May 1901 several schools, including Yale and Harvard universities and Trinity, Holy Cross, Amherst, and Williams colleges, formed the New England extramural Basketball League. In 1915 the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States (AAU), the NCAA, and the YMCA formed a committee to standardize rules. The first national collegiate tournament was held in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1937. Professional basketball began in 1896 at a YMCA in Trenton, New Jersey. A dispute between members of the YMCA team and a YMCA official led to the players forming a professional team and playing for money. In 1898 a group of New Jersey newspaper sports editors founded the National Basketball League (NBL). The NBL consisted of six franchises from papa and New Jersey. Stars of this group discussion included Ed Wachter, who played in about 1,800 professional games, and Barney Sedran, who played on 10 championship teams in 15 years. The first successful national professional league was the American Basketball League (ABL), which lasted from 1925 to 1931. In 1926 a national tournament for womens teams was formed. Notable players from this era of womens basketball include Babe Didrikson, Alline Banks Sprouse, and Nera White, who was one of the first two female players elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame. In 1938 the three-court game was changed to a two-court game, with six players on a team. In the mid 1930s another National Basketball League (NBL) was founded and 1946 in a year of foundation of Basketball Association of America (BAA). Later four strongest teams in the NBL joined the BAA. Then the NBLs six teams also joined the BAA, forming a three-division league that was renamed the National Basketball Association (NBA). In the late mid-forties and early 1950s, the Minneapolis Lakers, led by center George Mikan and coached by washbasin Kundla, won five NBA championship titles (1949, 1950, 1952-1954). In the 1950s guard phellem Cousy and forward Bob Pettit h ad the greatest individual impact on professional basketball. For two decades after its founding, the NBA was the only major professional basketball league. But in 1967 the American Basketball Association (ABA) was formed.In the late 1970s, the NBA experienced a crisis of popularity but in March 1979 the public interest had revived. In the late 1960s some rules in womens basketball had changed unlimited dribbling became legal, five-player team and full-court game became official. The law called Title IX (1970s) prohibited discrimination on the basis of gender in educational institutions receiving federal aid, meaning that womens athletic programs had to be treated as equal to mens programs. In 1978 the AIAW championship was televised, and the same year a professional league called the Womens Basketball League (WBL) was founded. Beginning in the late 1980s basketball became so popular that students began leave schools and colleges before graduation and go to NBA to play for large sum s of money. So in 1995 the league enacted a limit on the amount of money a rookie could earn. Following the 1997-98 season NBA owners and players could not agree on rules regarding a salary cap and several other issues, and the NBA owners instituted a player lockout. The dispute cancelled all league play until an agreement was reached in January 1999, resulting in a strike-shortened, 50-game season followed by a regular playoff schedule and championship series.NBA Legends 1950s and 1960s Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain1980s Larry Bird, Magic Johnson1990s John Stockton, Karl Malone, Michael Jordan, Scottie Pippen.Records of NBAHighest score. 370 when Detroit Pistons defeated Denver Nuggets 13 December 1983.The largest number of victories per season. 72 times per season (1995-1996) won Chicago Bulls.The largest number of games. Robert Perish played 1611 matches during 21 seasons.The youngest player. Germen ONeal was in the age of 18 years and 53 days when debuted in NBA.The oldest p layer. Robert Perish from Chicago Bulls played in the age of 43 years 231 days.The highest player George Maureshan from Washington Wizards has a height 2.31 meter.Conclusion During more then hundred years basketball had greatly developed and changed, experienced a lot of difficulties, but it is still one of the most popular games in the world. Of course basketball as some(prenominal) other sport has a lot of problems today (e.g. U.S. team does not have a national program for international competition, devalues the World Championships and does not develop fundamentals), but it has a large potential and great future.The BibliographyLaughead, George. History of Basketball. Kansas Heritage Group. 2004. University of Kansas. 15 Sep. 2005. http //www.ku.edu/heritage/graphics.people/maismith.html Bellis, Mary. Basketball James Naismith (1861 1939). 15 Sep. 2005. http//www.inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbasketball.htmEnclosure 1. Naismiths rules of basketballThe ball may be thr own in any direction with one or two hands.The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands, but never with the fist.A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man running at good speed.The ball must be held in or between the hands. The arms or body must not be used for holding it.No shouldering, holding, pushing, striking or tripping in any way of an opponent. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the undivided of the game. No substitution shall be allowed.A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violations of Rules 3 and 4 and such as described in Rule 5.If either side make three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the meantime making a foul). conclusion shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the ground into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do not touch or campaign the goal. If the ball rests on the edge and the opponents move the basket, it shall count as a goal.When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field and played by the first person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on them.The umpire shall be judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have the power to disqualify men according to Rule 5.The referee shall be the judge of the ball and decide when it is in play in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee.The time shall be two 15-minute halves with five minutes rest between.The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winners. 1

Aggression And Coping Strategies Psychology Essay

Aggression And Coping Strategies Psychology EssayThis hear has explored links among activated intelligence, onslaught take and grapple strategies, as well as the variables contri excepte during students academic life. In this strike, it is sought to hypostasise three variables (1) students with petty(a) Emotional perception level go out accept a prediction of higher level of Aggression (2) students with higher level of Aggression have effective Coping Strategies and (3) on that apex leave be a relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Coping Strategies. It allow for be investigated to account the level of students academic performances amongst undergraduate university. This pack foc dos on ways to measure the participants horny intelligence, level of hostility and preventative measures to coping strategies. The results gave a reason to understand why the university of Bedfordshire students are tincted by let out excited intelligence level and high level of belligerence. A adjudicate of 77 undergraduates university students inscribed in this domain.This turn over met these triplets investigate aims done an extensive study of relevant literature and the implementation of practical research. The latter was carried out through a correlation study using three types of self-importance report questionnaires mensuration the participants frantic intelligence (TEIQue-SF Questionnaire), level of aggression (Buss and Perry, 1992, Aggression questionnaire) and coping strategies (Psychology department project 2006 Attitudes, coping, dictation and psychological well-being questionnaire. The SPSS programme carried out the data epitome findings.Furthermore, the findings had fancyn a two positive outcome hypothesis 1 was supported, hypothesis 2 was not supported and hypothesis 3 was supported.The main conclusion careworn from this research were that current approaches to..Keywords Emotional Intelligence, Aggression, Coping, Coping Stra tegies, Measure2. IntroductionFor m any(prenominal) years the study of intelligence and emotions has been rivet mainly on the adaptive use of cognition (Wechsler, 1939 Pia rag, 1972). In the recent years it has been suggested there have been more encompassing approaches to understanding intelligence (Gardner, 1984 Sternberg, 1988). Everyone is unique as we all behave and react differently to events. Our intelligence and emotions bear be defined as a complex soil of feelings that result in the natural and psychological falsifys that enamour imagination and behaviour. There are many theories which attempt to understand why we experience emotions. Individuals experience many emotional states that can affect our behaviour or how individuals big businessman respond to a situation which may include, anger, kindness, fear, admiration and are all emotional states that you may respond to events.The James-Lange scheme of emotion (1920) argues that different events cause physio logical arousal consequently individuals interpret this arousal. After the interpretation of the arousal one can experience emotions. If the arousal is not noticed hence one allow foring not experience any emotions base on the event. For example, one is walking down the alley way in the dark and hears footsteps behind and one begins to vibrate and heart beats faster and ones breathing deepens. These physiological changes are interpreted as ones bodys preparation for a fearful situation. One is experiencing fear.Likewise, Cannon-Bard supposition (1927) argues that one experiences physiological arousal and an emotion at the same cartridge clip but gives no attention to the role of thoughts or outward behaviours. Using the example above his theory starts from one is walking down the alley way in the dark and hears footsteps behind and begins to tremble, your heart beats faster and ones breathing deepens. At the same time as these physiological changes occur one can besides exp erience the emotion of fear.Mayer and Salovey (1990) who first used the term Emotions and intelligence they both formulated a model of emotional intelligence. They defined the ability to monitor ones own and others feelings and emotions to guide ones mobilizeing and behaviour. They also provided a demonstration of how an aspect of emotional intelligence could be measured as a mental ability (Mayer, DiPaolo Salovey, 1990). Furthermore, to recognize and understand emotions in yourself and others emotional intelligence (EI) is a useful strategy to pronounce emotions. EI includes the abilities to accurately perceive emotions, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge we define emotional intelligence as the power to reason almost emotions. (Mayer Salovey, 1957).It has been previously hypothesised that life successes can be attributed to emotional intelligence (Goleman, 1995). Emotional intelligence levels have been correlated with a myriad of benefits and negative or positive l ife outcomes. Advantages include the high levels of happiness, well-being and health better academic performances and an outgrowthd ability to cope with changes (Qualter, 2007). The advanced emotional abilities show a lower stress level, fewer signs of aggression, and demonstrate a smaller kindredlihood of drug and alcohol uses. If one has a high emotional intelligence you are able to recognise your own emotional state and the emotional state of others and engage with people in a way that draws them to you. This can aid forming a healthier relationship, and attain greater success at work, and lead to a more fulfilling life.Levels of emotional intelligence have been demonstrated to be beneficial. diminished levels have been of emotional intelligence create recognizable deficits (Goleman, 1996). However, if somebody with a low emotional intelligence level has never really had anyone to talk through their emotions with, individuals globally wouldnt know how to deal with their emo tions and they may come to a rage such as signs of aggression, drinking, using drugs, weak academic performances etc, when they are going down in life or show the ability of stress. Low emotional intelligence tends to have a hard time understanding situations from the outlook of others and go out also tend to be less sympathetic (Henley Long, 1999). juvenile studies have been investigated by Hannah Jean Moskat Katelyn Marie Sorensen (2012), investigation of Emotional Intelligence and Aggression predicted Juvenile nuisance. They emphasised the disposition of emotional intelligence their study sought to shew the relationship between emotional intelligence and aggression in the context of juvenile delinquency. It was predicted that EI would be negatively correlated with aggression, and also relate it to sex and offense type. The participants were tested using the Bar-On EQI YV (S) and the Aggression Questionnaire to measure their emotional intelligence and aggression levels. The overall results found that lower emotional intelligence levels were correlated with higher aggression levels. They also found that a low emotional intelligence level was correlated with higher aggression haemorrhoid and that participants scored the highest in physical aggression. It was discussed in impairment of aggression preventions programmes like the rehabilitation for the youth offenders.Moreover, previous psychological studies that have been undertaken in the previous years studied by Andrew. W. Johnson (2003), study was based on a correlation study of emotional intelligence and aggression within adolescents. He investigated how the relationship was linked to each variable, and how aggression effected there emotional intelligence level. Overall, the results clearly showed how the females had a high level of emotional intelligence due to less aggression and how males scored high on aggression.Kartika Aprillia Ritandiyono (2007) also investigated the relationship on emotiona l intelligence and aggression. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and aggression in adults behaviour. Results from the study have shown that a weighing machine of emotional intelligence showed it had a negative hypothesis.Coping and StressIn the terms of coping, is defined as trying to reduce the consequences of stress. There are several(prenominal) different ways in which coping is applied, which can be caused by many negative emotions like stress, anger etc. Coping is heard as a cognitive and behavioural response to a stressful situation. It can overcome with high demands and critical events that pose a redness, harm, threat, loss, or challenge to a person. (Lazarus, 1991)Coping responses (thoughts, feelings and actions) deals with problematic situations that are normally encountered in everyday life with particular circumstances, Sometimes problems are solved and sometimes they are ignored in an individuals attempt to deal w ith the environment. Thus an examination of the ways in which people may cope with stresses and concerns provides a means of understanding their stress and concerns which mogul affect their behaviour. The procedure of determining how people deal with their stress in daily life postulates the observation of behaviour through the reporting by self or others. By far the most common what to determine how people cope is to ask them to report, by filling out a questionnaire, what is it they do it to ask them to describe in interviews or written text.There are many ways of coping with stress the effectiveness really depends on the type of stressors, the individual and the circumstances. For example, if you think about how your friends deal with stressors like exams you will see a range of different coping responses. Some people will pace around or tell you how worried they are or others will revise or ask their teachers for clues. This topic was introduced by Lazarus in 1984.Moreover, La zaruss Transactional model takes to an account of the dynamic nature of human behaviour. This model emphasises between the stress experience and respondent to the environment. The model proposes that individuals can be taught to manage their stress and cope with their stressors. They may learn to change their perspective of the stressor and provide them with ability and confidence to improve their everyday life and have the ability to clench all types of stressors. Overall this has results for support for a conceptualization of coping that has emerged from Richard and Lazarus and the Berkeley group.Each individual will have different coping responses, especially dealing with low level of emotional intelligence. Moreover, to reduce the level of low emotional intelligence (including anger), coping strategies help one to increase the negative emotions. It refers thoughts and actions we may use to deal with threatening situation. For example, when youre going through high level of agg ression, you may be recommended to anger management or counselling therapy. This current study will evaluate students coping strategies that may help to indicate the low level of emotional intelligence and aggression.Additionally, this current study focuses on the high and low level of emotional intelligence, which may lead to aggression, as predicted. Hence this might be one of the reasons for low emotional intelligence level. Emotional intelligence is often measured by self-report and psychological testing. David Wechsler (1940) described the incline on dexterous behaviour and argued that our models of intelligence would not be completed until we can effectively describe these factors. Self report will be used in this study to measure the level of emotional intelligence and level of aggression, along with coping strategies evaluation to support both of the variables.There have been recent researchers that have be Students with higher levels of emotional intelligence achieve mo re academically. There have been a recent study based on undergraduate students who are pickings information technology studies, the study measured how well students in computer science and information defined as the ability of perceived, positively influenced personal and others emotions. The researchers examined the make of these intrapersonal factors on their academic grades. Six hundred undergraduate students participated in the study which was based on a series of questionnaires designed to measure coping strategies and levels of emotional intelligence. It was found that students emotional intelligence was not directly linked to academic success, students with higher levels of emotional intelligence had more self confidence and knowledge that can handle any problems (including frustration, stress etc) and that having more self-efficacy in improving their academic performances.Coping IV and DV research? There have been previous research studies indicating the coping strategies method is a dependant variable.AggressionIn the term of Aggression it refers to a range of behaviours that can give a result to both physical and psychological harm to one, even in the environment. The expression of aggression can occur in a number of ways which can be verbal, emotional, physical or mental. (Baron, Richardson, 1994)The act of aggression behaviour has been a huge part of human society from the day we were born and even yet still straightaway plays a role in our society and our lives. Whether it is at a rugby or boxing match competing with one another, on the streets with riots between rival teams, or in another country alto expireher fighting terrorist threats there is no doubt that aggression is such a prevalent part of our society. It is important for psychologists to study the cognitive processes involved in greater detail as is a huge role in our lives.Psychologists have been interested in problems of aggression, they have been focused on the assessment of cond itions leading to the performance of rapacious behaviour. Social behaviour can be one of the influences around each other such as peer pressure, copying individuals behaviour and thinking its alright to act like that. Buss ..Albert Bandura (1977) stated that social behaviour is learnt through by observing and imitating actions by other. She looked at the way individuals behave to certain situations. According to her theory by being rewarded or punish for negative actions. For example if a child sees his of age(p) sister bring home a good report and gets a reward, the child may observe this and sees the older sister gets rewarded then the child will learn being good will get you rewarded so they should do it to.Banduras social knowledge theory (1977) refers to aggression acts. Bandura looked at the theory of operant conditioning, as well as Skinner (1953), if behaviour is rewarded it will positively reinforce behaviour therefore making it more likely to be repeated again. On the o ther hand of the crustal plate shows if behaviour is punished it will negatively reinforce that behaviour making it less likely to occur in the future. From this study Bandura proposed that a persons hard-hitting behaviour in a given context is predicted by their previous experiences with their own and others peoples vulturine behaviour. (Albert, 2004)A classic example of this theory was known as the Bobo snort experimentation also by Bandura. This experiment reflected on children watching a video of an adult either being aggressive or non aggressive to a bobo doll. After they have watched the video, the children were then put in a room with a bobo doll and observations were made how they would react. forwards the children power saw the Bobo doll the frustration in the child was intentionally built by showing them toys that they were not permitted to play with. in result, when the children were put in the room with the bobo doll it was discovered that children who saw the agg ressive behaviour reproduced the same aggression the model had shown on the doll. In contrast children in the non aggressive condition displayed no aggressive signs towards the doll. This experiment showed that children were very easily influenced to copy others. (Martin, Carlson Buskit, 2010)Aggression may not occur in a vacuum, there are many situational factors that may influence aggression. There is evidence regarding the importance of situational factors in predicting aggressive behaviour which may apply to university students. licking There are some typical responses to frustration especially during the hard times which may include the environment of being stressed and always intense maybe in your workplace, at home, or during your university life. Frustration includes anger, loss of self esteem, depression, stress or self-confidence. As we are focused more on aggression in university students, anger and aggression is expressed towards the object perceived as the cause of fru stration. For example, you might have an assignment deadline within two days and yet havent started it, the feeling of being really frustrated and you start to show signs of aggression to others or if your laptop doesnt work you might hit the laptop for it to work. If someone gets in your way, you could verbally threaten them or push them on aside. Frustration is powerful for direct aggression, displaced aggression is often used. Someone angry often acts without thinking.In 1939, University from Yale researchers published a report on frustration and aggression, the theory has been influenced by Freuds theory. The authors, (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, Sears, 1939) proposed that aggression was due to frustration, frustration plays a big role in aggression and the development of aggression starts from frustration. The frustration-aggression theory study states that aggression is caused by frustration. When someone is prevented from reaching their ambition or goal they become frustr ated. This frustration can then turn into aggression when something triggers it. For example, if you fail in your final exam you will definitely become frustrated. But if someone randomly told you youre such a loser, just to put your confidence down so you dont pass your exam, then in that case your frustration will turn into aggression. When people perceive that they are being prevented from achieving a goal, their frustration will result in aggression. The closer you get to your goal, the greater the frustration you get by being held back. An unexpected occurrence of frustration may also increase the likelihood of aggression. (Barker, Dembo Lewin, 1941)Factors generally associate with aggressive behaviour and alcohol-related aggression from the age of 12-18 years (Helene Raskin White, John Brick, Stephen Hansell, 1993)Alcohol substances such as alcohol play a part to an increase in anti-social aggression in people. It is thought that the lowering of inhibitions may result in an increase in aggressive levels. Alcohol is coming from university party life researchers have shown that alcohol consumption can make people more prone to social influence while also being less able to think through the consequences of their own actions for themselves or other people. Combining results in a large increase in the likelihood of committing aggressive acts especially when drinking in groups which will glorify aggressive acts. Alcohol intoxication is involved in at least 50% of all violent crimes. (Bushman Cooper, 1990)Other factors that might associate with aggression could beAggressive cues students that may own weapons for many reasons, including self-defence or sporting events (e.g., hunting). Yet simply being in the presences of weapons has enough influence to increase aggressive behaviour, (Berkowitz LePage, 1967). Maybe living out for university and being alone and for them to keep weapons might be a safe option for self defence. There have been recent events tha t university students are getting robbed, or attacked when there on their own.Intangible entities (e.g., bad odors, commotion) many times students experience being unpleasant due to intangible entities, such as bad odors and loud noises. Although people cant really behave aggressively towards these intangible entities, triggers can increase aggression. For example as a student you are working on an assignment or reading a book, there are other people making loud noise and you cant concentrate and it carries on for days, this may increase your level of aggression frustration and anger about the situation. When people feel a lack of control over the noise they tend to behave quite aggressively (Green McCrown, 1984).These factors may affect the academic level of education for most students.The aggression literature has a set of rich theoretical perspectives, the aggression theories have offered frameworks from which a hypothesis regarding the causes and consequences of aggression cou ld be tested. Each theory is distinctly more likely to nab several theories that share a considerable degree of overlap. The aggression theories have been reviewed in order to understand how aggression may be formulated.Coping with aggressionLearning how to control your aggression will allow you to be more successful in your academic life, stay healthy and happy and help you get most out of your life. Many researchers feel that aggression is one of the strongest predictors of anti-social behaviour. Interestingly, some researchers believe as youths grow older they will learn how to control their anger. Regardless, learning and practicing productive and healthy coping strategies is a good idea.An inability to cope with stress, disappointment, and difficulty can affect your life in many negative ways. be an adult can be very stressful like physical changes in your body, academic demands, peer pressure, learning how to deal with gangs, family issues, concerns about your future may bec ome stressors and can lead to negative effects. Learning how to deal and control your negative emotions and behaviour and take responsibility for them is a lifelong process.According to Berkowitzs cognitive Neo-association Theory (1989, 1990) he proposed that an event such as frustrations, loud noises, and provocation, produces negative effects. The negative effect produced by unpleasant experiences automatically stimulates various thoughts, expressive labour reactions, memories, flight and fight tendencies. The fight associations may give rise to undeveloped feelings of anger, whereas the flight associations give a rise to undeveloped feelings of fear. This theory reflects back to the frustration-aggression theory, its been fabricated that signs of aggression have been associated to be in response by triggered events, which may give the thoughts, memories, psychological effects due to the events.Moreover, successful coping may involve many strategies problem solving, positive thi nking, logical thinking, social support, or seeking professional help. People cope differently, what work for one person may not always work best for the other, most effective strategy for someone else. Your method for coping may be very according to the situation. You may handle it differently when youre at home and when youre at school. Professional help like counselling, anger management group, and group talk can help you reduce aggression levels.RationaleThe rationale of the study is to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and aggression and coping strategies among undergraduate university students. This study will examine their emotional intelligence and level of aggression and to see if there is a link between the effect of coping strategies and emotional intelligence and aggression. The outcome of the study aims is to calculate students emotional intelligence and aggression level and being correlated to high level of aggression. Statistically, in the re sults section it will show my prediction was significant then relevant programmes can be used to facilitate and develop students emotions and low level of aggression.The study is guided by three research questions Firstly, students with low emotional intelligence level will have a higher level of aggression. Secondly, students with high level of aggression have effective coping strategies. Third, there will be a correlation relationship between emotional intelligence and coping strategies.3. Methodology3.1 DesignThe design thats going to be used is an separatist measure which will have a non-parametric data, there is one Independent Variables (IV) which is Emotional intelligence (EI), and two Dependent Variable (DV) which are Aggression scores and Coping Strategies. This will be a correlation design as I will be comparing the three variables.3.2 ParticipantsQuestionnaire data were collected by seventy seven volunteer participants. Opportunity sampling will be used in this study amo ngst Undergraduates Students in University of Bedfordshire. In total the complete sample comprised of seventy seven students of who were 39 females and 38 males, the age range was from 18 to 40 year olds (M= and SD = 4.11809). Participants attended a number of fields of studies with different courses.3.3 MaterialsMeasures self report measurement of participants own emotions and behaviour, there will be three type of self-report questionnaires (see in appendices)-(1) Emotional Intelligence (TEIQue-SF Questionnaire) (appendix 1)This questionnaire form contains 30 item based questions which are designed to measure overall trait emotional intelligence. It is based on the full form of the TEIQue. It uses a 7 point scale for the items from 0-7 to evaluate ones emotions. (Petrides Furnham, 2006)(2) Level of aggression (Buss and Perry, 1992, Aggression questionnaire) (appendix 2)The Buss and Perry (1992) questionnaire has 29 items based on a self-report aggression questionnaire, where th e participants rank certain statements along with a 5 point scale from extremely uncharacteristic of me to extremely characteristic of me. The scores are normalized on a scale of 0-1 with 1 being the highest level of aggression. Participants will be responding to statements like When frustrated, I let my irritation show. In the end, the questionnaire scores have 4 dimensions of aggression levels physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger or hostility. (Buss and Durkee, 1957)(3) Coping Strategies (Psychology department project 2006 Attitudes, coping, control and psychological well-being questionnaire) (appendix 3)This questionnaire is based on six sub-scales about the participants psychological well being, attitudes, and childhood experience. Its a multidimensional scale for evaluating general coping styles.Coping with life problemsThe first survey is based on psychological wellbeing the questions are concerned with how you generally cope with problems in your life. Questions tha t had been asked were how do you generally cope with real life problems and the participant will be rate the scale from 1 (Never) to 5 (Always).Degree of control or influence you have over your lifeThe second survey is asked about the participants degree of control or influence you have over your life the rating scale is from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree).Family events which may have been encountered in childhoodThe next survey is asked a number of questions concerning family events which may have been encountered in childhood which the participant may have experienced. The rating scale is from 1 (Never) to 5 (Very often).Hospital perplexity and depressionMoreover, the next survey is based on hospital anxiety and depression statements, the participant are asked I feel tense or wound following statements like most of the time or a cope of the time. Each question has different statements.Views people hold about ThemselvesFurthermore, the next survey is asked views peo ple hold about themselves which may best represent the participant. The rating scale is lead to a 1 (Almost never) to 4 (almost always).Thinking style questionnaireLastly, the last survey is asking how the participants thinking styles reflect on their attitude or belief which people sometime hold. The participants is asked to rate the scale from 1 (totally disagree) to 7 (totally agree).The questionnaires will take at least 15-20mintues. The overall results will be declarative mood towards my predicted hypotheses.3.4 ProcedureParticipants who are involved in the study will be volunteers I will be selecting at random within the university and ask if they would participate in the study which will be carried out, they will be told what the study was about and have to read the brief overview of the study on the consent form. Before the participants continue they will be asked to tick all boxes on the consent form to show they understand the information which will be provided and if the y dont understand any information regarding the study they will be able to ask before participating. I will explain to the participants that they will be able to withdraw from the experiment at any time and it was reinforced on the consent form which participants have to sign, date and state their gender and age before answering the questionnaire. The participants then will answer the questionnaire and will permit me to carry out the interpretations of the scores and they will be thanked for taking time out to help with the study. Participants will be aware before the study takes place there would be no need for a follow up regarding this study. Participants will not be debriefed but thanked again for their participation.Before conducting research, ethics will also taken into consideration, each participant will not in any way be harmed and will be fully explained what the experiment is going to be about. All participants will have the choice to withdraw from the research at any tim e and also have the choice to decline to answer any question although this would mean a termination of their participation.3.5 EthicsThe BPS ethical guideline will be a consideration to the study, a lot of data will be used including the three questionnaires, valuable data is collected, and you need to ensure that participators give you permission to use the data part of a research before ensuring you are taking actions to the ethical issues likeConfidentially- results should only be shared between participants and the researcherConsent the participant about the study- I will have to gain consent from the participants before giving the questionnaires to them.Hide personal information- I have to hide any details about the participants due to the privacy regulation.Choice of withdrawal from the research at any time- it is entirely up to the participant if they feel they would like to stop the research study and withdraw.Responsibility to the participant such as giving them feedback if they consist for feedback by the end of the research- if the participant would like to know the results at the end of my research study I will leave them my email or contact details to get back to me or vice versa. informed consent before the participant volunteers- a consent form will be given to them so they can sign the agreement form about willing to take part of the study without forcing them. (Appendix 4)4. ResultsIn this part of the research, the correlation between emotional intelligence, aggression and coping strategies for students in university were presented. The three hypothesis of the research was based if there will be a positive correlation between the three variables, in order to answer this sub-question the correlation data psychoanalysis was conducted in the research. For this purpose, the correlation between students emotional intelligence level, aggression level

Genetic Engineering of Animals: Benefits

Genetic applied science of Animals BenefitsAnimal componenttic engineering has existed for thousands of geezerhood in the form of selective breeding. People wealthy person chosen desirable characteristics for appearance, survival qualitys, and other qualities in animals they wish to obtain in future offspring. They thence bred these animals to selected mates in order to increase likelihood of offspring inheriting these desired traits. More recent definitions of genetic engineering define it as the employment or modification of the genetic code of selected animals to fake characteristics and to introduce certain desired traits by changing the cellphones genome. This bunghole be through with(p) by adding to or deleted from desoxyribonucleic acid or substitution of certain genes. This form of manipulating deoxyribonucleic acid is a very un employ technology. This type of engineering was made possible over umpteen age of investigate and signifi usher outt findings that has led to what is now the understanding of DNAs structure, purpose, and properties. First studies of manipulation were conducted on bacteria such as E. Coli before animals were experimented with conveyning in 1982 with mice.While genetic engineering is a new exciting and fascinating discovery for scientific interrogation with unlimited range of possibilities, it raises moral and ethical concern. It is a highly controversial topic this day in age. Questions have been raised about the extent that animals can be treated to conditions and procedures considered to be unethical for humans. Debates regarding animals rights to non be inflicted with pain or ca utilize suffering of the animal are considered a pull in concertst benefits for human interests. Many arguments about animals consciousness, self-awareness, cognitive and language capacity, morals, quality of life, and evolutionary status have been evaluated in hopes to find differences between humans and animals. If a moral standard could be clearly defined this could justify treating animals to extreme laboratory harms. there is a wide range of opinion regarding the weight that should be accounted to human and animal interests. At one ends of the bar there are what is c eithered an absolutist positions, people that nip human benefits are always significantly more important to animal interests. The opposing view is that if it is certain experiments should non be conducted on humans, they should also not be conducted on animals. Within this group there are two sub categories of opinion. Some activists object to experiments which ca phthisis animals pain and suffering, while others object to all human uses of animals. In order to find common ground between the two extremes a strict set of research guidelines has been established to find morally but beneficial genetic engineering on animals. Some basic criteria for animal research are as follows. Animal housing and care are provided with proper food, water, a nd cleanliness. Discomfort, distress and pain are minimal using appropriate medication, and without unnecessary pain inflicted. Clear objectives and procedures are defined and carried out. All experiments using animals must(prenominal) undergo a protocol ethical review. All investigators that handle and use animals have to be appropriately trained and qualified to work with the animals. If it is necessary to dispense euthanasia, is should be carried out according to good practice and used appropriately. The studies have to have a worthwhile beneficial out fill in for human, animal, or medical use. in the end the benefits of the study must justify and outweigh the harm done to the animal. Animal research is a necessary, highly beneficial to genetic research and can be ethical if conducted properly.There are a huge variety of benefits that genetic engineering in animals has provided not only for human uses but for animal gain as well as insight into evolution of species. The large st use of animals is for medical advancements. Most of the work done is applied to medical or biological research intending to understand gene function and regulation as well as study human or animal disease. Animals can be used to expurgate their DNA successions to see the results. It is now known today many gene functions and causes of disorders from animal DNA analysis. The capability to replace or change single genes, or even delete them, can help investigate the natural functions of a gene, the mechanisms in the body that control it or affect it, and the relationship between genes and environmental factors. This information has provided insight to how genes function and ways to alter these genes in order to prevent diseases and disorders. The ability to investigate the genomes of mice has revealed processes where genes are turned on or off, and cell tissues become differentiated. Many different mouse genes have been altered to mimic human diseases are used in studying the mec hanisms that the disorders are caused by, and are creation used towards developing more effective treatments. Humans have greatly benefited from these findings especially in the advancements of treating diseases such as cancer. Drugs can also be tried on these genetically engineered animals to see how they will affect processes such as cell replication and destruction. These animals provide an unlimited range of knowledge and opportunity for new technology and advances in the medical field.Animal genetic engineering has also provided advances in the indus tryout world as well. Genetically modified farm animals were used in scientific research procedures for a range of capability and actual benefits. A better understanding of disease resistance in gunstock has been run aground and can now be applied to other animals to produce more disease resistant livestock. Genetic modification of cows may action of draw with enhanced nutritional quality in the future. Farm animals have als o been genetically modified to increase productivity, for example animal growth rate, wool quantity, or milk production. Genetic engineering has also been used to select for genetic factors associated with more viable characteristics of livestock as well as to make livestock more suitable for harsh factory farm conditions. These are just a few benefits animal engineering provides and many more will come in the future.Genetic engineering is made possible by the unique properties of DNA. DNA is a double stranded helical structured with nucleotide small pairs held together in the middle with hydrogen bonds. This weak form of bond allows the strands to separate to be replicated easily. DNA is tightly wound into chromosomes. Genes are formed by the different nucleotide sequencing on the DNA strand. These genes code for a certain trait in the organism. The genetic makeup of the organism is called the genotype the physical or observable trait that they code for is called the phenotype. Th is phenotype might be an appearance, a survival characteristic, or more desirable quality for the species. Understanding of the structural and function properties of DNA allows researchers to isolate genes, and manipulate them in a variety of ways. There are numerous methods of genetic manipulation so I will only concisely discuss a few select types.DNA recombinant techniques use vectors such as plasmids and viruses that carry foreign genes into host cells. This method is most often used to alter bacterial genomes. The plasmid circles can be broken allowing new genetic material to be inserted in them. This is done by treating the bacteria and a specific gene with a restriction enzyme so ends of each will join with each other on contact. Plasmids with new genetic material can pass across the cells plasma membrane and insert the new genetic material into the bacteriums own genes. The bacteria will add the gene to its sequence and begin to produce the protein that it codes for.Viruses , which are infectious particles of genetic material, act alikely to plasmids as vectors in genetic engineering. The virus carries the gene into a host cell similar to plasmids. Researchers can choose the bacteria that have the new genes absorbed into them and use those bacteria to place the gene into the desired animal.Microinjection is a method that does not use biological vectors of plasmids and viruses. This method involves injecting genetic material with new genes into the recipient cell. When the cell is large enough, like many animal cells, the process can be done with a glass needle. After the injected genes find the host cells DNA sequence they can incorporate themselves into the strand. This is one of the simplest methods of gene manipulation.Bioballistics is a method that use alloy slivers to carry the genetic material to the inside of the cell. The small metal pieces are coated with genetic material. It injects the pieces into the cell using a gun like apparatus. A per forated metal plate stops the cartridge, but the small pieces are allowed to pass through into the living cells. Inside the cell, the genetic material is carried to the nucleus and is co-ordinated into the cells genes. The cells take up the gene are programmed to replicate it. This is the most successful way for the insertion of genes into plant cells but can but can be used in animals as well.Genes are chemical compounds, so they can be manipulated in the same way as other chemical compounds can be manipulated. DNA molecules are large and complex, so the task of manipulation is extremely difficult. However, chemists know techniques in order to cut molecules apart and then fructify them back together very carefully with high technological instruments. This procedure is known as gene splicing. This method of gene splicing can advance naturally in cells during such processes as division or repair. Cells take genes apart, rearrange their material, and put them back together in a new sequence or arrangement. Discoveries show that cells have certain enzymes that can disassemble DNA molecules and put reassemble them again. Such as endonucleases which are enzymes that can cut a DNA molecule at some given sequence location. Another example is exonucleases are enzymes that can remove one nitrogen base from the DNA stand. A third type is ligases that are enzymes that can join two DNA segments back together. Researchers can use knowledge from these natural methods to artificially alter genes using tools such as submicroscopic scissors and glue. With these they can rearranged one or more DNA molecules by cutting them apart, reordering them, and the put back together again.There are so much undiscovered possibilities in genetic engineering that it is nearly impossible to pr fiat what the future can hold. Some potential fields of research are more advances with stem cell research, advances in replacement organs grown form cells, new genetically altered fetuses. There wil l be more treatment methods for diseases as well as preventions by gene alterations. The possibilities are endless and there is a lot of research being conducted that is not even published yet.Genetic engineering in animals is of particular interest to me because my family has been in the business of genetic alterations for over thirty years through selective breeding. We own a livestock farm, raising sheep and goats primarily for livestock judging competitions, but as well as for milk production and wool production. Every year we attend approximately twenty fairs or shows throughout New England to have our animals evaluated against competition to be critiqued for desirable qualities and structure base on the ideal species score card. The judge places these animals based on which animal contains the most desirable combination of traits. In order for my family to obtain quality animals we must carefully take into consideration each judges review of the animal in order to select a ma te that will compliment its position and has a high likelihood of improving flaws in the offspring. It is a farseeing and tedious process to improve quality of the show herd it takes years of trial and error to find suitable mates to produce the desirable offspring. Having an understanding of how genes are inherited allows for us to choose a male mate for our females by examining his offspring and seeing the ratios of how many have the trait we are looking for and estimating if there will be a high likelihood we could obtain the trait as well. We also look at the males parents to see what the parental generation had for phenotypic traits. Although we do not use high genetic methods to create our genetically engineered livestock it is a careful science that takes years of practice in order to know how to find a mating that will give us an increase in desirable traits in order to continue to do as well as we do on the show circuits.Here is a small anecdote to show my interest in thi s topic when I first took a genetics class in high school I learned how to calculate genotypes using the punnett square. This interested me so much I sat down and tried to draw a pedigree to pr edict the genotypes of my black versus white sheep and the likelihood of each of their genetic make ups based on their parents and the offspring they have produced. I was able to determine white is recessive to black and which sheep were heterozygous or homozygous for many of them. Selective breeding is a very important method for my familys business without it there would be a lot of difficulty maintaining and improving the high quality livestock show herd we have.Genetic engineering in animal species has come a desire way from simple matings to complex technology manipulating genomes. There are benefits including medical advances for humans, disease prevention for animals, and industrial production gains. These benefits can be obtained as long as the research stays within the set ethical guidelines. There are many methods to alter the DNA sequence such as recombinants with vectors and plasmids, microinjections, bioballistics, and gene splicing. Genetic engineering will continue to advance and hold great promise for opportunity for future advances.Work citedBoyd Group. 1999. Genetic engineering animal offbeat and ethics. Retrived15. Nov. 2010.http//www.boyd-group.demon.co.uk/genmod.htmMonaco, Michael. Genetic Engineering in Animals. Retrieved 14, Nov. 2010.http//www.govhs.org/vhsweb/Gallery.nsf/Files/Genetic+Engineering,+a+group+project/$file/animal.htmlVan Eenennaam, Allison. Genetic Engineering and Animals Agriculture. University ofCalifornia. Retrived 15, Nov. 2010. http//ucanr.org/freepubs/docs/8184.pdfUnion of Concerned Scientists. Genetic Engineering Techniques. 2003. Retrieved 15, Nov.2010. http//www.ucsusa.org/food_and_agriculture/science_and_impacts/science/genetic-engineering-techniques.htmlWest, Chad. 2006. Economics and Ethics in Genetic Engineering of A nimals. HarvardJournal of Law and Technology. Retrieved 15, Nov. 2010.http//jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v19/19HarvJLTech413.pdf

How Sustainable Is Industrial Agriculture Environmental Sciences Essay

How Sustainable Is Industrial Agriculture Environmental Sciences EssayAgriculture may seem to be a pre-modern economic activity in which the method or the way it is carried out is old-fashioned. However, industrialization, scientific development and mechanization have affected farming bid many aspect of life, which created a chump new term Industrial Agriculture. Industrialized tillage or industrial agriculture can be delimitate as the replacement of human repulse with capital intensive tools and inputs heavily dependent on fossil fuels, the consolidation of farm land, and increasingly centralized control over the distribution of food resources.(Thu and Dunenberger 1998). The ending of industrial agriculture is to accession yield and decrease costs of toil, which is wherefore the farm is seen as a factory with inputs uniform pesticides or fertilizer and outputs like corn or chicken. (Horrigan, Lawrence, cart 1). Thanks to the industrial agriculture, the mass-production in agriculture came into existence. Comp bed to the old method, we can assign much more(prenominal) now. Agricultural food, including zoologys, can be supplied in a short time with more outcomes. Therefore, there is no doubt that in many ways industrial agriculture appears to be a beneficial development and a higher(prenominal) stage in agricultural method. However, it seems to be what it has brought is non as great as what it is taking away. The mechanization of agriculture and the affair of chemicals, fertilizers and pesticides have ca utilizationd huge conundrums in environment, wellness and the economic condition of farmers. That is wherefore, in this paper, I will argue that industrial agriculture is unsustainable be driving force it leads to unhealthy conditions for two workers and consumers, has negatively charged effects on environment and ca affairs poverty.The first aspect that makes industrial agriculture unsustainable is the health troubles due to the conditions in work place, the use of pesticides, anti-biotic and fertilizers and the equipment used in the industrial agriculture. Workers are the first group of people who are exposed to the unhealthy conditions caused by the industrial agriculture. First of tout ensemble, because of the equipment like farm machinery, tractors, hoes and etc., the accidents are patronage events for workers. The consequence of these kinds of accidents may be losing a hand, foot, small injuries or death. In 1946, data from all industrial groups show that the largest number of occupational deaths, 4,500, occurred in agriculture ( Axelrod 2). This data only belongs to USA so the number that includes more countries will increase the number of death also. Thus, accidents are a near riddle in industrial agriculture. Moreover, because of the high noise expo surely from sources like tractors, harvesters and grain dryers, causes earshot loss among workers. According to Marvel farmers experience higher than expected rates of hearing loss starting in their teen years (Kendall 2)In addition to the accidents and noise exposure, the use of chemicals and pesticides in agriculture also creates unhealthy conditions for workers. Poisoning caused by chemical fertilizers seems to be faced by workers frequently. Pesticides used as plant sprays create a hazard to the farm worker either in the suffice spraying or of harvesting ( Axelrod 2). Thus, the chemicals and pesticides are serious treat to the health of farm workers and the most common illnesses because of these is poisoning. Furthermore, as Kendall points out, the dermatoses, especially skin cancer, and respiratory diseases are among the most pervasive health problems in industrial agriculture (1). Toxic exposure is the main reason for dermatoses. More specifically, exposure to pesticides, chemical solvents, engine exhaust, animal virsues and other substances commonly found in an industrialized farm operation are the reasons for dermatoses and espe cially skin cancer (Kendall 1). Other common health problem among farm workers is respiratory diseases. The condition in the work place and the material used for the works are again the reason for these kinds of problems. Exposure to irritant, toxic gases and dusts on the farm causes respiratory diseases. The kind of illnesses as a result from this includes chronic bronchitis, occupational asthma, organic dust toxic syndrome, farmers lung and silo filler (Kendall 2). Thus, respiratory diseases can bad damage farm workers. In short, because of the condition of the work place, the equipment used in the work and the use of pesticides and chemicals, industrial agriculture creates an unhealthy condition that causes serious health problems for workers.In addition to the farm workers, consumers also suffer from unhealthy production and condition created by industrial agriculture. The use of chemicals and pesticides are causing some health problems for consumers as it is for workers. Stati stical data provides us with information that makes it rather clear that the use of pesticides leads to serious health problems including fatal diseases. one of this data demonstrates that about 67,000 pesticide poisonings resulting in an estimated twenty- vii accidental fatalities are reported each year in the US in developing countries situation is worse (Pimental, Culliney, Bashore 2). Thus, again, the poisonings are frequent diseases resulted from the use of pesticides. More serious health problems like cancer can also occur because of pesticides. The International Agency for Research on Cancer found qualified evidence of carcinogenicity in eighteen pesticides and limited evidence in additional sixteen pesticides (Pimental, Culliney, Bashore 2). In other words, there are eighteen pesticides which we are sure that can make people cancer. Since in industrial agriculture pesticides are being used excessively, the food that is produced by industrial agriculture is a serious treat for consumers.Other than the use of pesticides, so called factory style animal agriculture also creates health problems for consumers. The term factory style animal production implies the animal production in which unnatural method like using chemicals is being held. Pathogens like salmonella, laisteria and toxoplasma cause foodborn illnesses. These kinds of bacterium occur in chickens but they institutionalize to humans through meat. They can cause severe diarrhea and nausea and occasionally produce fatal diseases.(Horrigan, Lawrence, pusher 5). virtuoso may ask that if these bacteria transmit trough meat, why is the industrial agriculture guilty for these health problems? Horrigan, Lawrence and perambulator give the answer The crowded condition of factory farming increase the level of contamination and the high-speed, automated methods of slaughtering and processing the animals make it difficult to detect that contamination.(6) Furthermore, the other common characteristic of f actory style animal agriculture that causes health problems for consumers is the se of antibiotics. Unnatural or produced antibiotics are fed to animals. The goal is to promote growth in production. However, excessive use of such drugs in animals can upgrade the development of drug resistant strain of disease, which can be transmitted to humans trough the food supply.(Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 8). In other words, the excessive use of these antibiotics may make people slight resistant to disease and make them ill more easily. The last aspect that industrial agriculture causes health problems is genetically engineered food. It is easy to guess this kind food creates heath problems because they are not natural. This kind of food includes organisms not previously eaten by humans.(Horrrigan, Lawrence, Walker 8), which may cause new allergens. Therefore, as there are organisms that we have not eaten before in genetically engineered food, it is likely that new allergens can emerge.The s econd reason why industrial agriculture is unsustainable is its negative effects on environment. Concerning environmental problems caused by industrial agriculture, the use of fertilizers and pesticides again seems to be the most important problem like it is about heath problems. It is a fair question to ask why the use of fertilizers and pesticides is so intense, if it causes so many problems? It seems to be the answer is hidden in the definition of industrial agriculture given in the first paragraph. The industrial agriculture is a farm like a factory and it is goal is to produce more to profit more. The negative effects are not as important as the profit. Therefore, as the main goal is to earn money, health or environment are second or even third concerns. We can now continue to examine the negative effects on environment afterwards this brief explanation.The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is serious problem for the environment and their rate of use is continuing to increase. The main problem about fertilizers arises from the fact that crops absorb trio to one-half of the nitrogen.(Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 3). Excess nitrogen creates dead zone because it diminishes the oxygen in the water. This drives off the mobile sea life and kills immobile bottom dwellers. One great example of this is Gulfs dead zone in New Jersey ( Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 3). This nitrogen runoff also affects the ecosystem balance in a negative way, which is direct danger for environment. The use of pesticides is another problem because it causes decline in bird and beneficial insect populations which disrupt the balance between predator and prey.(Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 3). As a result of this the pests are recovering faster, which can damage the agriculture directly. The reduction of biodiversity is another outcome. Syntheric chemicals reduce biodiversity in the insect world. This may not sound as a harmful result. However, the real problem is the death of the w ild bees and other beneficial species by pesticides (Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 3). The creation of imbalance in nature harms the biodiversity and kills the species that are beneficial to human kind.The effects of the industrial agriculture on soil demonstrate how harmful it can be on environment. charge degradation seems to be the first negative result of industrial agriculture. since World War II, poor farming practices had damaged about 550 million hectares-an area kindred to 38% of all farmland in use today.(Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 4). Because of industrial agriculture, more that one-third of the farmland had damaged. Considering world hunger, industrial agriculture had damaged all people by damaging that much of the land because the land could have been used efficiently, which could have supplied people with food or even land. The reason for why that much of land had damaged is that industrial agriculture depends on heavy machinery that compacts the soil, destroying soil s tructure and killing beneficial organisms in the soil food web.(Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 4). Therefore, regarding soil, industrial agriculture is not sustainable.In terms of land, industrial agriculture is not very beneficial either. Land degradation has been a serious problem for a long time. The worlds supply of productive land per person has been declining steadily. (Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 4). Desertification is a rather effective kind of land degradation. It can be defined as land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors including climatic variations and human activities. and 15% of al land surface has been experiencing land desertification. (Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 4). This promoter that less land is available for agriculture. How can a type of agriculture be sustainable, if it reduces the land to use for agriculture? Less land means less family that are engaging in agriculture and less food to supply people with. The reas ons for land degradation and desertification are over cultivation, overgrazing and over use of water.(Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 4). Thus, the main reason is over using land and water but if the land degradation continues, in the end there will be no land to over use.The use of water is another aspect where the negative effects of industrial agriculture can be observed. The pollution of water seems to be the sources of problems that industrial agriculture causes because when farming practices pollute surface water and aquifers, they reduce the amount of water that is suitable for other uses.( Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 4). Other users may be any plant, animals or person. The main point is that some practices of industrial agriculture pollute water and this waste water damages many other potentiality users. The pollution in most of the times stems from runoff of chemicals, silt and animal waste. (Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 4). Again industrial agriculture seems to be for the benefit of only a few people, while it is harmful for many other people, animals or plants.Together with the problems concerning health and environment, the poverty caused by industrial agriculture is the last aspect that makes it unsustainable. One fact may be the starting point of poverty caused by industrial agriculture, which in seventy years, although the US population has doubled, the number of American farmers has declined from seven million to two million (Kimbrell 17). There may be two reasons for this. First one is land degradation, which is mentioned above, caused by industrial agriculture. Because of land degradation, the amount of arable land is diminishing, which leads to the loss of farm communities. As the farmers who were engaged in agriculture before finds no land, the poverty seems inevitable. The second reason may be higher costs of industrial agriculture. As industrial agriculture requires mechanization, the use of pesticides and chemicals, it is hard for farmers to co ntinue in agriculture. Capital is needed for industrial agriculture, which many farmers do not have. Therefore, the farms concentrate on very few people that have the capital to invest, which again causes the lass of farm communities and naturally poverty.The other reason for poverty caused by industrial agriculture is the increasing price of food. Although industrial agriculture made it possible to produce more, the price of food is increasing (Kimbrell 15). However, paradoxically farmers do not earn more than they did before. The profits gained from the increasing price of food go to the corporate middlemen, not to the farmers (Kimbrell 17). Other than farmers, society as a unharmed is become poor because of industrial agriculture as well. While food pricing is increasing, we spend money to the heath and environmental problems caused by industrial agriculture. Therefore, we pay more for the food and also we spend more money on health and environment because of industrial agricul ture, which makes poverty a problem for the whole society. Poverty for farmers and for the whole society again demonstrates that industrial agriculture is not sustainable.In conclusion, even though industrial agriculture is a development in agriculture as it increases production, it takes more than it gives so it is unsustainable. Negative effects of it on heath, environment and economy are the reasons for why industrial agriculture is unsustainable. Creation of health problems both for workers and consumers because of the use of pesticides, chemical and the conditions of work place causing toxic exposure and accidents is thanks to industrial agriculture. The use of pesticides, chemicals, land degradation and water pollution are the environmental problems created by industrial agriculture. The loss of farm communities and expensive food price are the results of industrial agriculture, which causes poverty. any these reasons seem to demonstrate that industrial agriculture is unsusta inable. The radical to these problems may not be going back to the old fashion way of agriculture in which there is no room for mechanization, pesticides or chemicals. All this chemicals or machines should be used for human good, not to gain more profit. Therefore, the problem is not the kind of things that is used in agriculture the real problem is the relations of production or the social form in which these kinds of things are used. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable agriculture, we should first abolish the possibility of devising profit by industrial agriculture. Then, we should collectivize the means of production and just use them for the human good.WORK CITEDAxelrod, S. J. wellness Problems in Industrialized Agriculture give lessons of Public Health. September 1949 1172-1175. Print.Horrigan, Leo, Lawrence Robert S. ,Walker, Polly. How Sustainable Can Agriculture Address the Environmental and Human Health Harms of Industrial Agriculture. Environmental Health Perspec tive, Vol.110 No.5 May 2002. 445-456. PrintKendall, M. Thu. The Health Consequences of Industrial Agriculture for Farmers in the United States. Human Organization. Fall 1998. PrintKimbrell, Andrew. Fatal Harvest The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture. Washington, DC Island Press, 2002. PrintPimentel, D., T.W. Culliney, T. Bashore. http//ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/pimentel.htm

James Baldwins Giovannis Room Essay -- James Baldwin Giovannis room

James Baldwins Giovannis RoomJames Baldwins novel Giovannis Room is titled such for the purpose of accentuating the symbolism of Giovannis room. Within the novel Giovannis room is portrayed with such characteristics as being Giovannis prison, exemplary of Giovannis life, holding the relationship in the midst of Giovanni and David, being a metaphor of quirkiness for David and being a tomb underwater. These different portrayals of Giovannis room are combined within the novel to piddle an overall negative metaphor of homosexuality as perpetuated by society. These different portrayals of Giovannis room are dirty, suffocating and restricting Baldwin is showing the reader that homosexuality can be understood as all of these things, detrimental as they are. The novel is a reflection upon the common belief in society that homosexuality is unnatural and wrong, causing homosexual men to turn societal negativity into self hatred. One of the metaphors for Giovannis room is the pa rallel created linking his room to his jail cell. When Giovanni is in jail, David wonders about the jail cell he is in and says, I wonder about the size of Giovannis cell. I wonder if it is bigger than his room (113). In Davids thought he creates the definition of Giovannis room being a cell. The prison cell is close in size to his room, and it is also untold like the room in that he is stuck there as a prisoner. Giovannis permanence in his room, as in the jail cell, is further exemplified when David is talking about the room Im talking about that room, that hideous room. Why have you buried yourself there so long? (117). David is directly canvas Giovannis room to a tomb, which, like a cell, is an imprisonment. David is say... ...rget it. This negative view of homosexuality is enforced by society, which David absorbs into himself.Through David and his perception of the many metaphors contained within Giovannis room, James Baldwin is showing a negative interpretation of ho mosexuality as identified in society. The metaphors within Giovannis room are Giovannis prison, symbolic of Giovannis life, holding the relationship between Giovanni and David, being a metaphor of homosexuality for David and being a tomb underwater. These metaphors are negative and exist to butt to the reader that homosexuality is restricting, punishing, dirty and suffocating. These negative connotations of homosexuality are brought from society and internalized by the characters and builds into self hate.Works CitedBaldwin, James, and Caryl Phillips. Giovannis Room. London Penguin, 2001. Print.

The Graffiti Exposure in Wynnum Essay example -- essays research paper

The Graffiti Exposure in WynnumIs it a work of art or a piece of scrawl sprayed across some b atomic number 18 surface?Ladies and Gentlemen, should Wynnum be exposed to Graffiti?Firstly, I would like to ask you. What is the cost to the disposal to coverup this unwanted advertisement? One recent attack placed a schoolapproximately $4000 out of pocket. Further more, over the last xii months,my school has experienced nine attempts at destroying the asthetic appeal of thebuildings within. I could also safely say that most of the other schools in theWynnum Manly district, both populace and private, received similar encounters ofdegradation.Its not just the cost, its also the time. What about the cleaners? Whatabout the painters? What about the police? I am sure there are moreconstructive projects to cover than cleaning up after some graffiti vandal.It is not just our schools who experience the attacks. Scout dens, parks,businesses, trains, just to name a few, all lie in the mercy of the local crew,or graffiti gang.Is there a reason for such an act? Criminologists suggest that there are manymotives for graffiti. These motives all point to one main factor. Targeting thehigher authorityRevenge towards the authorityAnger towards the authorityBoredom from lack of authorityTo convert of self-existence, andTo explore prohibited areas placed by authority.The pattern of locations the police established, is that all the tags, or thewriters signature, are pla...